8 Fieldwork tradition 1-2

Armchair Anthropologists like Tyler Morgan relied on information collected by questionnaires and monographs - travellers, missionaries, journalists. but the information was exaggerated, prejudiced biased and collected by unskilled persons therefore this approach was rejected. James Fraser's golden bough was based on secondary resources.

 First/Early systematic Fieldwork by : 1883. Franz Boaz Baffin land expedition, Rivers used genealogical method, Haddon1898 Torres strait expedition.

Radcliffe brown 1906 Onge expedition with non participation observation.

Malinowski 1914 Trobriand Island expedition used participant observation and started insider perspective. Learning the tribal language, participating in their life and points of view and spending long time in their community. Maintain a field diary. 

Robert redfield studied peasant society in 1940s 

Ruth Benedict and Margaret mead integrated psychological aspects in fieldwork and used technique of photography. 

Clifford Geertz and Turner studied symbols and meaning behind culture rather than just collecting information.

Marvin Harris re-emphasized studying material view of culture (etic).

Feminist anthropologists focused on gender perspective in studies, cognitive anthropologists focus down thoughts and knowledge organisation of tribals.

Coming of age in second Life by Tom Boellstrof did digital field work to study digital communities.

Rejection of theories (evolution) and creation or modification of new theories (neo evolution)

Better administration and welfare of tribals.

Various perspectives like symbolism coma structuralism, feminism emerged. 

Techniques of photography, videography, psychological analysis, genealogy emerged. 

Stressful for the researcher, costly and time consuming.

Depends on scholars perspective and can be interpreted in different ways.

Real view and society is always changing and cannot be captured in etno graphy.